As the LED and solid-state lighting (SSL) sectors continue to thrive, product developers are deploying the technology into decidedly tough environments. We discussed the need for robust thermal designs in Part I of this article in April. Now let’s discuss the need to protect LEDs and circuit assemblies in harsh environments such as marine applications. Coatings and other protection technologies can extend the life and performance of SSL systems.With the rapid growth of the LED market, correct product selection is imperative to ensure LED performance and lifetime. In Part I, we discussed the importance of proper thermal management, including the various ways to ensure maximum heat dissipation in LED systems. The effect of excessive heat generation was discussed in direct correlation to LED lifetime.Similarly, in Part II we will also be discussing LED lifetime. In this article we will highlight the use of LEDs in various environments and introduce how to specify appropriate protection under such conditions. The development process must ensure reliability while also ensuring good optical performance of the SSL system (Fig. 1).
FIG. 1. The diffusing (UR5635) and clear (UR5634) polyurethane resins provide vastly different optical properties in an SSL system.
LED applications are becoming increasingly more diverse; design requirements, location, or the function of the product are all elements that prove the challenges faced by LED designers are continually evolving. LEDs, like most electronic devices, will perform well until external influences start to degrade performance. Such influences can include the electrostatic attraction of dust, humid or corrosive environments, chemical or gaseous contamination, as well as many other possibilities. It is therefore extremely important that the end-use environment is considered in detail to ensure the correct products can be chosen.
Opportunity and applications
The growth of LED lighting is attributed to the advantages LEDs offer over traditional lighting forms in terms of adaptability, lifetime, and efficiency. It is therefore easy to understand why LED lighting is being used in a vast array of applications including domestic lamps, industrial lighting for factories, lighting for marine environments, and architectural lighting and designs, to name just a few.
Comparing the environmental conditions in a standard architectural lighting application with that of a marine environment can help us to understand the potential causes of LED deterioration. In an architectural lighting application, it is possible that the LED itself is covered due to the design of the unit, or that the orientation of the LED is such that it is only likely to be exposed to general changes in ambient temperature and humidity. In a marine environment, it is possible that an LED light may be splashed or immersed in salt water. Moreover, in all cases, the light will operate in a salt mist environment for the majority of its operating life. Conditions with high salt can cause corrosion on printed circuit boards (PCBs) and thus dramatically reduce performance much faster than general conditions of varying humidity. Typically, conformal coatings and encapsulation resins are used to offer a high level of protection in each of these environments.
Protection options
Conformal coatings are the first option we will discuss for protection. The coatings are typically thin lacquers that conform to the contours of a PCB, allowing good protection without adding any significant weight or volume to the board. They are typically applied at 25-75 μm and are easy to apply by spraying or dipping techniques.
For protection over the top of LEDs, it is crucial that the coating used has good clarity and that it remains clear throughout the lifetime of the product in the desired environment; i.e., the coating may be required to have good UV stability if the product is outdoors. Thus, the best types of conformal coatings are based on an acrylic chemistry, offering both the clarity and color stability combined with excellent humidity and salt mist protection. Fig. 2 depicts a salt mist test in which acrylic coatings deliver excellent protection when characterized relative to insulation resistance.
FIG. 2. Coatings with various chemistry bases provide varying levels of performance when exposed to a salt mist test.
Typically, acrylic conformal coatings are solvent-based products, where the solvent used is a carrier fluid to allow a thin film of resin to be deposited on the substrate. The solvents used are classified as VOCs (volatile organic compounds). Because this solvent is only present on the LED for a few minutes during the application stage, it is not considered a long-term issue for most systems. In some cases, LED manufacturers do have specific requirements regarding the use of products containing VOCs, as well as other specific chemicals, and these will be listed in the LED literature. In general, a chemical compatibility check will assist in confirming if a solvent-based conformal coating is suitable for use with the desired LED. Conformal coating manufacturers such as Electrolube can assist with such testing.
Color-temperature issues
As well as considering the effect of the coating applied on the LED, it is also important to understand the effect a coating may have on color temperature. Fig. 3 depicts typical correlated color temperature (CCT) bands that are common in LED lighting. Color temperature shift over time, also called color maintenance, has been an ongoing issue when considering the type of protection media to use and it is understood that no matter what material is placed directly over the LED lens, it will cause an interaction that leads to a color-temperature shift.
FIG. 3. LEDs fall in some typical color-temperature spectral bands.
The CCT shift is typically from a warm temperature to a cooler temperature and will vary between different LED types and color temperature bands. In addition, it will also differ depending on the protection material applied. This is another area where acrylic conformal coatings, such as Electrolube’s AFA, offer advantages over other chemistry and product types.
Fig. 4 depicts the typical color-temperature shift of a warm-white LED. Different thicknesses and cure mechanisms have been included in order to highlight the possible changes in color temperature. The red lines indicate the boundaries of the particular type of LED used; i.e., the color temperature could be anywhere between these lines when the LED is purchased.
The thin and thick coatings referred to represent the typical minimum and maximum thickness level at which conformal coatings are applied, i.e., 25 and 75 μm. By applying such a thin film, the color-temperature shift is minimized and in turn is manageable within the same boundaries given by the LED manufacturer.
In an ideal world, conformal coatings would be applied to all LED applications due to their ease of application, minimal effect on volume and weight of the unit, versatility in use, and finally, their effect on color-temperature shift. As we all know, however, it is often not possible to have one solution for all applications. Conformal coatings offer an excellent level of protection in humid and salt mist environments, as shown previously, but they do not provide the highest level of protection in environments with frequent immersion in water, chemical splashes, and also corrosive gas environments. It is in such situations that we advise the consideration of an encapsulation resin to offer the increased level of protection.
Encapsulation resins
Encapsulation resins are also available in a number of different chemistry types, including epoxy, polyurethane, and silicone options. Typically, epoxy resins offer tougher protection in terms of mechanical influences, but they do not offer the flexibility of the other chemistries, which can lead to problems during thermal cycling, for example. In addition, standard epoxy systems do not offer the clarity and color stability of other systems.
FIG. 4. Color-temperature shift is dependent on coating thickness and cure time.
Silicone resins do offer excellent clarity and also perform well in temperature extremes, whereas polyurethane resins offer a combination of good flexibility, clarity, and a high level of protection in harsh environments. Fig. 5 shows the difference in clarity of the three resin chemistry types by examining the color differences of the resins after 1000 hours’ UV exposure, thus highlighting the stability of each resin in outdoor conditions. It is evident that the silicone and polyurethane resins outperform the standard epoxy system in this case.
Environmental exposure
Comparing the performance of various products in harsh environments can also highlight preferential product choice based on the end-use conditions. For example, Fig. 6 illustrates the effect of corrosive gas environments on an acrylic conformal coating, a polyurethane resin, and a silicone resin by examining the percentage reduction in luminous flux of the LED after exposure to a mixed-gas environment. These results clearly illustrate the importance of choosing the correct product for the environment. Although the conformal coating does not deteriorate in terms of its surface insulation resistance in a corrosive gas environment, it is not an adequate protection for LEDs as it allows the gas to pass through the thin coating and penetrate the LED, thus degrading its performance over time.
FIG. 5. Resin chemistries have varying effects on color temperature after 1000 hours of UV exposure.
A similar effect is also seen with the silicone resin; however, in this case, despite the protection layer being considerably thicker (2 mm versus 50 μm) the gas is still able to pass through the resin and affect the LED. When you compare the result of the silicone resin to the polyurethane material, it is evident that there is a difference in performance exhibited by these two chemistry types as the silicone resin is permeable to the gas whereas the polyurethane resin, at the same thickness, is not. In such cases, an optically clear polyurethane resin, such as Electrolube UR5634, would be the most suitable protection media to prevent the corrosive gases from adversely affecting the LED.
FIG. 6. Different coating types can suffer varying degradation in optical efficiency when exposed to corrosive gases.
Polyurethane resins have been highlighted as suitable resins for the protection of LEDs in a number of different environments. In addition, they can also be adapted to offer additional benefits, such as pigmented systems used for covering the PCB up to, but not over, the LED. Such resins are used for protection of the PCB, offering an aesthetically pleasing finish while adding to the performance of the luminaire by reflecting the light off the PCB and increasing light output. There are also specialist resins that can be used to diffuse the light from the LED. Resins such as Electrolube UR5635 can offer two solutions in one: protection from the surrounding environment and diffusion of light, potentially eliminating the need for diffuser covers and caps.
Coating formulation
Encapsulation resins clearly offer a high level of protection in a range of environments and can be tailored to suit application requirements either by choice of chemistry type or by adaption of the formulation of a particular resin. It is important to return back to the subject of color-temperature shift, however. Earlier in this article we discussed the minimal effect on color temperature exhibited by thin-film conformal coatings. When comparing the thicknesses of conformal coatings to encapsulation resins, it is evident that part of the increased level of protection that resins offer is due to the ability to apply a much thicker layer. Resins can be applied at 1-2 mm or at much greater depths, but this depth will also have an effect on the level of color-temperature shift observed.
Fig. 7 shows the typical color-temperature shift of LEDs covered with different thicknesses of polyurethane resin. It is clear that the thickness directly correlates to the degree of color-temperature shift, thus highlighting another important consideration when choosing suitable protection media. We do know that color-temperature shift will occur but the consideration is the repeatability of the shift for the LED used. If the shift is consistent, the change can be accounted for by reconsidering the original LED color-temperature band, for example.
FIG. 7. Color-temperature shifts to varying degrees based on the thickness of a coating.
This article has discussed the various considerations required when choosing protection for an LED system. Evaluating the environment is essential to successfully specifying a product, both in terms of end-use performance and suitability for production processes. Conformal coatings offer the best combination of ease of application and incorporation into the design, with an excellent level of protection in humid and salt mist environments. They also exhibit the lowest effect on color temperature due to the low thickness applied.
When conditions become more challenging, the switch to encapsulation resins is advised. In this case, the choice between chemistry types will be dictated by the end-use conditions and particular environmental influences. In addition, the thickness of resin applied should be considered to ensure sufficient protection is achieved while minimizing the effect on color-temperature shift where possible.
Combining the protection media discussed in this article with the thermal management products discussed in Part I highlights the increasing importance of materials technology in the rapidly-expanding SSL market. By ensuring efficient heat dissipation and protection from external environments, the efficiency and lifetime of LED systems can be increased. LED systems can now also be used in a wider range of environments, and Electrolube continually offers LED designers support through considered material development for this ever-evolving industry.
JADE BRIDGES (jade.bridges@electrolube.co.uk) is a European technical support specialist for Electrolube Ltd. (electrolube.com).